Sponsorship as a determining factor in the development of the careers of Spanish elite athletes.

Inequalities by gender and type of sport

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25029/od.2023.371.23

Keywords:

Sponsorship, marketing, sport, gender perspective, social networks

Abstract

The importance of sponsorship has increased a lot in recent years, being essential in the recognition of elite athletes. The main objective of this study is to determine the scope that sponsorship has on the athlete's success, analyzing the differences based on gender, discipline or country where the profession is practiced. Qualitative methodologies have been used (personal interviews and focus groups with elite Spanish athletes). It is concluded that obtaining a sponsor is not the same easy for all athletes, depending largely on the chosen discipline, gender, the country in which the activity takes place and previous sporting successes.

Author Biographies

Óscar Gutiérrez-Aragón, Escuela Universitaria Mediterrani (Universidad de Girona)

Director of the Business Department and Coordinator of the Degree in Marketing at the Escuela Universitaria Mediterrani de Barcelona (University of Girona). PhD in Business Administration from the University of León. Accredited as Associate Professor and Professor of Private University by ANECA. Lecturer in the Department of Business Administration at the University of Barcelona. Formerly Professor at the University of León. Economic Analyst and Principal Researcher, responsible for preparing social, economic and labour reports on the Spanish veterinary sector for his employer's association, the Spanish Veterinary Business Confederation (CEVE), attached to the Spanish Confederation of Business Organisations (CEOE). He has published subject manuals and various research articles on business organisation, communication, marketing, environmental economics, the veterinary, and automotive sectors.

Joan-Francesc Fondevila-Gascón, Escola Universitaria Mediterrani (Universidad de Girona)

PhD in Journalism (cum laude) from the UAB. University Professor (ANECA) and Associate Professor (AQU). Lecturer at UPF, URL, Escuela Universitaria Mediterrani (UdG), UOC, EAE-UPC. Director of CECABLE. He has published more than a hundred indexed scientific articles.

Alba Gracia-Conde, Escola Universitaria Mediterrani (Universidad de Girona)

Pre-doctoral researcher at the Department of Business at the Escuela Universitaria Mediterrani de Barcelona (University of Girona). Graduate in Marketing from the University of Girona. Her lines of research are communication and sports marketing. This is her first participation in research of this kind.

References

Abril, C., Sánchez, J. y Recio, T. (2018). How does wall street react to global sports sponsorship announcements? An analysis of the effect on sponsoring companies' stock market prices. Journal of Advertising Research, 58(3), 297-310.

Akhmetshina, E. R., Ignatjeva, O. A. y Ablaev, I. M. (2017). Tendencies and prospects of public-private partnership development in the field of physical culture and sport. European Research Studies Journal, 20(2A), 422-430.

Aragonés-Jericó, C., Küster-Boluda, I. y Vila-López, N. (2020). Transferencia valor-experiencia a través del patrocinio deportivo: antecedentes y consecuencias. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 29(1), 133-142.

Beech, J. G. y Chadwick, S. (2007). The marketing of sport. Pearson Education.

Bericat, E. (1998). La integración de los métodos cuantitativo y cualitativo en la investigación social: Significado y medida. Ariel.

Billings, A.C. y Gentile, P.C. (2021). Flag before Gender Biases? The Case for National Identity Bolstering Women Athlete Visibility in Sports Mega-Events. En K. Dashper (Ed.) Sport, Gender and Mega-Events (Emerald Studies in Sport and Gender) (pp. 221-238). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.

Blanco-García, P. y Burillo, P. (2018). La situación actual del deporte universitario en España para el alumnado universitario. SPORT TK: Revista Euroamericana de Ciencias del Deporte, 7(1), 87-96.

Bowes, A., Lomax, L. y Piasecki, J. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on elite sportswomen. Managing Sport and Leisure.

Breva-Franch, E., Sanahuja-Peris, G., Mut-Camacho, M. y Campos-López, C. (2019). Inversión y evaluación del patrocinio deportivo en España. Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas, 9(17), 139-164.

Brewer, R. M. y Pedersen, P. M. (2010). Franchises, value drivers and the application of valuation analysis to sports sponsorship. Journal of Sponsorship, 3(2), 181-193.

Brunton, J.A. y St Quinton, T. (2021). Applying Stage-Based Theory to engage female students in university sport. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 16(1), 11-25.

Buser, M., Woratschek, H. y Schönberner, J. (2020). The business model of sponsorship engagement in sports: brief and straight to the point. SMAB Relevant Management Insights, 8(1), 1-6.

Clarkson, B.G., Culvin, A., Pope, S. y Parry, K.D. (2020). Covid-19: Reflections on threat and uncertainty for the future of elite women’s football in England. Managing Sport and Leisure.

Crespo-Celda, M. (2020). Las cláusulas de moralidad en los contratos de patrocinio deportivo. Madrid: Editorial Reus.

Contreras-Espinosa, R.S. (2021). Las redes sociales en la comunicación: un tema de discusión constante, Obra Digital, 20, 10-13.

Cornwell, T. B. (2023). Digital Transformation in Sport Sponsorship. En M.L. Naraine, T. Hayduk y J.P. Doyle (edit.). The Routledge Handbook of Digital Sport Management (pp. 116-131). Routledge.

Da-Silva, E.C. y Las-Casas, A.L. (2017). Sport fans as consumers: An approach to sport marketing. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 5(4), 36-48.

Darvin, L., y Sagas, M. (2017). Objectification in sport media: Influences on a future women’s sporting event. International Journal of Sport Communication, 10(2), 178-195.

De-Moragas-Spà, M. (2020). Deporte y comunicación: un siglo de sinergias. En N. Puig-Barata y A. Camps-Povill (coord.). Diálogos sobre el deporte (1975-2020) (pp. 412-421). Editorial INDE, Generalitat de Catalunya.

Fernández-Morillo, C. (2019). Derechos y deberes de los medios de comunicación en la promoción de la igualdad de género. Hachetetepé, Revista Científica de Educación y Comunicación, 18, 99-107.

Fondevila-Gascón, J.F. (2012). El uso de recursos del periodismo digital en la prensa del Reino Unido, Francia, Estados Unidos y España. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 18(1), 73-87.

García, B. y Meier, H.E. (2017). Global sport power Europe? The efficacy of the European Union in global sport regulation. Journal of Common Market Studies, 55(4), 850-870.

Garza-Segovia, M. y Kennett, C. (2022). Digitalization and sports sponsorship strategy: A review and research agenda. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 10(4), e1066.

Ginesta-Portet, X. y De-San-Eugenio, J. (2014). The use of football as a country branding strategy. Case study: Qatar and the Catalan sports press. Communication & Sport, 2(3), 225–241.

Gutiérrez-Aragón, Ó., Gassiot-Melian, A. y Alabart-Algueró, J. (2021). Uso, aceptación y repercusión de las redes sociales y los influencers en el sector ecuestre. Doxa Comunicación, Revista Interdisciplinar de Estudios de Comunicación y Ciencias Sociales, 32, 115-142.

Gutiérrez-Aragón, Ó, Alcaraz-Espriu, E. y Solano-Tatché, M. (2022). Efectos de la masificación turística y de los cambios en el consumo sobre los mercados locales. El caso de La Boquería de Barcelona. Pasos, Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 20(1), 153-167.

Keshkar, S., Lawrence, I., Dodds, M., Morris, E., Mahoney, T., Heisey, K., Addesa, F., Hedlund, D.P., Dickson, G., Ghasemi, H., Faruq, A.,

Naylor, M. y Santomier, J. (2019). The role of culture in sports sponsorship: An update. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 7(1), 57-81.

Kim, D., Ko, Y., Lee, J.L. y Kim, Y.C. (2019). The impact of CSR-linked sport sponsorship on consumers’ reactions to service failures. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 21(1), 70-90.

Koronios, K., Dimitropoulos, P., Travlos, A., Douvis, I. y Ratten, V. (2020). Online technologies and sports: A new era for sponsorship. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 31(1), 100373.

Koronios, K., Ntasis, L., Dimitropoulos, P. y Ratten, V. (2022). Not just intentions: predicting actual purchase behavior in sport sponsorship context. Sport, Business and Management, 12(1), 4-28.

Kunkel, T. y Biscaia, R. (2020). Sport brands: Brand relationships and consumer behavior. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 29(1), 3-17.

Kunz, R. E., Elsässer, F. y Santomier, J. (2016). Sport-related branded entertainment: the Red Bull phenomenon. Sport, Business and Management, 6(5), 520-541.

Kwon, H. y Shin, J.E. (2019). Effects of brand exposure time duration and frequency on image transfer in sport sponsorship. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 21(1), 170-190.

Lafrance-Horning, D. (2018). Consumer response to cause-related sport sponsorship: does gender matter? Journal of Marketing Trends, 5(2), 143-162.

Lázaro-Marcé, J., Gutiérrez-Aragón, Ó. y Fondevila-Gascón, J.F. (2021). Influencia de la colaboración entre las áreas de ventas y marketing en los resultados de las empresas en un entorno de orientación al mercado. Revista de Estudios Empresariales, Segunda Época, 2/2021, 44-63.

Lee, J.Y. y Jin, C. (2019). The effect of sponsor's brand on consumer-brand relationship in sport sponsorship. Global Business & Finance Review, 24(1), 27-43.

Lobillo-Mora, G., Ginesta-Portet, X. y Badia, J. (2016). El patrocinio solidario en el fútbol español. El caso de la Liga BBVA: De lo global a lo local. Ámbitos, Revista Internacional de Comunicación, 32, 1-15.

Manzenreiter, W. (2021). The business of sports and the manufacturing of global social inequality. Esporte e Sociedade, 2(6), 1-22.

Martínez-Abajo, J., Vizcarra-Morales, M., Lasarte-Leonet, G. y Aristizabal-Llorente, P. (2020). La financiación del deporte de alto rendimiento femenino en la CAPV. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 39, 289-297.

Mikhailitchenko, A.G., Tootelian, D.H. y Mikhailitchenko, G.N. (2012). Exploring saturation levels for sponsorship logos on professional sports shirts: a cross-cultural study. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 13(2), 2-16.

Miragaia, D.A., Ferreira, J. y Ratten, V. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and social entrepreneurship: Drivers of sports sponsorship policy. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9(4), 613-623.

Moawad, J. (2019). Gender inequality in sports. FairPlay, Revista de Filosofía, Ética y Derecho del Deporte, 13, 28-53.

Montes, F., Sala-Garrido, R. y Usai, A. (2014). The lack of balance in the Spanish first division football league. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(3), 282-298.

Næss, H.E. y Tickell, S. (2019). Fan engagement in motorsports: a case of the FIA World Rally Championship. The Journal of Media Innovations, 5(1), 31-44.

Navarro-Picado, J.F. (2019). Sponsorship sales is not only a sport, but an institutional business as well: evidence from two professional football clubs in latin-america. Estudios de Administración, 26(2), 82-100.

Norman, M., Donnelly, P. y Kidd, B. (2021). Gender inequality in Canadian interuniversity sport: participation opportunities and leadership positions from 2010-11 to 2016-17. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 13(2), 207-223.

O’Connor, J.J. (2021). The means to an end: an examination of gender inequality in athletic aid distribution and graduation rates. Sport in Society, 24(4), 534-550.

Parry, K.D., Clarkson, B.G., Bowes, A., Grubb, L. y Rowe, D. (2021). Media framing of women’s football during the Covid-19 pandemic. Communication & Sport.

Petty, K., y Pope, S. (2019). A new age for media coverage of women’s sport? An analysis of English media coverage of the 2015 FIFA Women’s World Cup. Sociology, 53(3), 486-502.

Rutter, R., Nadeau, J., Aagerup, U. y Lettice, F. (2019). The Olympic Games and associative sponsorship: Brand personality identity creation, communication and congruence. Internet Research, 30(1), 85-107.

Sait, S. y Bogopa, D. (2021). Anthropological Inquiry on Gender Inequality: The Case of Women Soccer in Gelvandale, Port Elizabeth. Gender and Behaviour, 19(2), 17864-17874.

Sanahuja-Peris, G., Martínez-Fernández-Pedraza, P. y López-Font, L. (2021). El post-patrocinio deportivo en la era post-pandemia. En G. Sanahuja-Peris, S. Mayorga-Escalada y F.J. Herrero-Gutiérrez (coord.). Deporte y comunicación: una mirada al fenómeno deportivo desde las ciencias de la comunicación en España (pp. 209-252). Tirant Humanidades.

Smith, A., Graetz, B. y Westerbeek, H. (2008). Sport sponsorship, team support and purchase intentions. Journal of Marketing Communications, 14(5), 387-404.

Torres-Romay, E. y García-Mirón, S. (2020). Patrocinio deportivo femenino. Situación actual y tendencias. Comunicación y Género, 3(2), 125-137.

Wakefield, L., Wakefield, K. y Keller, K.L. (2020). Understanding sponsorship: A consumer-centric model of sponsorship effects. Journal of Advertising, 49(3), 320-343.

Walraven, M., Bijmolt, T.H. y Koning, R.H. (2014). Dynamic effects of sponsoring: How sponsorship awareness develops over time. Journal of Advertising, 43(2), 142-154.

Webb, E.J., Campbell, D.T., Schwartz, R.D. y Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive measures: Nonreactive research in the social sciences. Rand McNally.

Yenilmez, M. I. (2021). Gender Inequality and Female Sports Participation in Turkey. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 33, 27-41.

Yousaf, A., Mishra, A. y Gupta, A. (2018). Concurrent sponsorship: implications for sponsoring brands and sponsored property. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36(6), 633-645.

Zhou, F., Mou, J., Su, Q. y Wu, Y.C.J. (2020). How does consumers' Perception of Sports Stars' Personal Brand Promote Consumers’ brand love? A mediation model of global brand equity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 54, 102012.

Published

2023-12-21

How to Cite

Gutiérrez-Aragón, Óscar, Fondevila-Gascón, J.-F., & Gracia-Conde, A. (2023). Sponsorship as a determining factor in the development of the careers of Spanish elite athletes.: Inequalities by gender and type of sport. Obra Digital, (24), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.25029/od.2023.371.23