"Call Me by My Name"
Analysis of the Strategies of Bisexual Erasure and Stereotyping in Video Games
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25029/od.2022.338.22Keywords:
Bisexuality, Representation, Video Games, Stereotypes, SexualityAbstract
Bisexuality continues to be an invisible orientation, even within the LGBTQ collective. While its representation in video games has been scarce and ambiguous, other media has marked it by a series of stereotypes common for this collective, outside and inside fiction. Through a qualitative content analysis of 98 bisexual characters from video games, a categorization of the main strategies of erosion and stereotyping of bisexuality is proposed, in order to deepen the quality of its representation and the characteristics that make video games a unique medium for this purpose.
References
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Diamond, L. M. (2005). 'I'm Straight, but I Kissed a Girl': The Trouble with American Media Representations of Female-Female Sexuality. Feminism & Psychology, 15(1), 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959353505049712
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Gagnon, J., Greenblat, C. S. y Kimmel, M. (1999). Bisexuality: A Sociological Perspective. En E. J. Haeberle y R. Gindorf (Eds.), Bisexualities: The Ideology and Practice of Sexual Contact With Both Men and Women (pp. 81-106). Continuum International Publishing Group.
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Harman, K. (2019). "Bad at Love": Halsey's Bisexual Display. Journal of Bisexuality, 19(4), 554-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2019.1695036
Hartman, J. E. (2013). Creating a Bisexual Display: Making Bisexuality Visible. Journal of Bisexuality, 13(1), 39-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2013.755727
James, C. (1996). Denying Complexity: the dismissal and appropriation of bisexuality in queer, lesbian and gay theory. En B. Beemyn y M. Eliason (Eds.), Queer studies: a lesbian, gay, bisexual & transgender anthology (pp. 217-226). New York University Press.
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Klesse, C. (2018). Dancing on the waves or being washed away? Representations of bisexualities in Liquid Modernity. Sexualities, 21(8), 1360-1367. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1363460718781540
Madison, N. (2017). The Bisexual Seen: Countering Media Misrepresentation. M/C Journal, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1271
Medina-Rivera, A. (2014). Posmodernidad y bisexualidad en la obra de Bayly. Chasqui: Revista de literatura latinoamericana, 43(1), 147-157. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43589609
Meyer, M. D. E. (2010). Representing Bisexuality on Television: The Case for Intersectional Hybrids. Journal of Bisexuality, 10(4), 366-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2010.521040
Nelson, R. (2020). 'What do bisexuals look like? I don't know!' Visibility, gender, and safety among plurisexuals. Journal of Sociology, 56(4), 591-607. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1440783320911455
Nix (2018). ¿Y qué pasa con la bisexualidad en los videojuegos? Todas Gamers. (Recuperado en 05/08/2021 de https://todasgamers.com/2018/05/19/y-que-pasa-con-la-bisexualidad-en-los-videojuegos/)
Olvera Muñoz, O. A. (2017). La vivencia del rechazo social a la bisexualidad y su impacto en el sufrimiento psicológico. Pensamiento Crítico, 4(6), 35-44. https://bit.ly/3gvJw0B
Shaw, A. y Friesem, E. (2016). Where is the Queerness in Games?: Types of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Content in Digital Games. International Journal of Communication, 10(2016), 3877-3889. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5449
Stechschulte, S. (2020). Through Rainbow-Colored Glasses: Overcoming Bisexual Oppression through LGBTQ+ Press. Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, 25, 85-95. https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/historical-perspectives/vol25/iss1/11
Tierney, P. (2020). The Problem With Playersexual Romance. TheGamer. (Recuperado en 14/08/2021 de https://www.thegamer.com/playersexual-romance-bad/)
Utsch, S., Bragança, L. C., Ramos, P., Caldeira, P. y Tenorio J. (2017). Queer Identities in Video Games: Data Visualization for a Quantitative Analysis of Representation [Full Paper]. 2017 SBGames. Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital. Curitibia, Brasil. https://www.sbgames.org/sbgames2017/papers/CulturaFull/175360.pdf
White, J. D. (2001). Bisexuals Who Kill: Hollywood's Bisexual Crimewave, 1985-1998. Journal of Bisexuality, 2(1), 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1300/J159v02n01_04
Yoshino, K. (2000). The epistemic contract of bisexual erasure. Stanford Law Review, 52(2), 353-461. https://bit.ly/3je9QhD
Alexander, J. (2007). Bisexuality in the Media. Journal of Bisexuality, 7(1-2), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1300/J159v07n01_07
Barker, M. y Langdridge, D. (2008). II. Bisexuality: Working with a Silenced Sexuality. Feminism & Psychology, 18(3), 389-394. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959353508092093
Bevan, R. (2021). The History of Bisexuality in Gaming. TechRaptor. (Recuperado en 04/08/2021 de https://techraptor.net/gaming/features/history-of-bisexuality-in-gaming)
Browne, T. (2014). Make up your mind! The science behind bisexuality. The Guardian. (Recuperado en 12/08/2021 de https://bit.ly/3jbEc49)
Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge.
Castelló, E. (2008). Identidades mediáticas. Introducción a las teorías, métodos y casos. Editorial UOC.
De Barros, A. C. (2020). "Gay Now": Bisexual Erasure in Supernatural Media from 1983 to 2003. Journal of Bisexuality, 20(1), 104-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2020.1732258
Diamond, L. M. (2005). 'I'm Straight, but I Kissed a Girl': The Trouble with American Media Representations of Female-Female Sexuality. Feminism & Psychology, 15(1), 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959353505049712
Domínguez Ruiz, I. E. (2017). Bifobia: Etnografía de la bisexualidad en el activismo LGTB. Egales.
Erickson-Schroth, L. y Mitchell, J. (2009). Queering Queer Theory, or Why Bisexuality Matters. Journal of Bisexuality, 9(3-4), 297-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299710903316596
Flanders, C. E., LeBreton, M. E., Robinson, M., Bian, J. y Caravaca-Morera, J. A. (2017). Defining Bisexuality: Young Bisexual and Pansexual People's Voices. Journal of Bisexuality, 17(1), 39-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2016.1227016
Fandom (2014). Lesbian or Bisexual?. (Recuperado en 26/07/2021 de https://thelastofus.fandom.com/f/p/2197332984594692614)
Flick, U. (2015). El diseño de la Investigación Cualitativa. Morata.
Gagnon, J., Greenblat, C. S. y Kimmel, M. (1999). Bisexuality: A Sociological Perspective. En E. J. Haeberle y R. Gindorf (Eds.), Bisexualities: The Ideology and Practice of Sexual Contact With Both Men and Women (pp. 81-106). Continuum International Publishing Group.
GameFAQs (2014). To put the speculation to rest, creater Neil Druckmann says Ellie is.. *spoilers. (Recuperado en 26/07/2021 de https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/boards/652686-the-last-of-us/68629823)
Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media (2021). The Double-Edged Sword of Online Gaming: An Analysis of Masculinity in Video Games and the Gaming Community. (Recuperado en 14/08/2021 de https://bit.ly/3jbLwNi)
Harman, K. (2019). "Bad at Love": Halsey's Bisexual Display. Journal of Bisexuality, 19(4), 554-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2019.1695036
Hartman, J. E. (2013). Creating a Bisexual Display: Making Bisexuality Visible. Journal of Bisexuality, 13(1), 39-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2013.755727
James, C. (1996). Denying Complexity: the dismissal and appropriation of bisexuality in queer, lesbian and gay theory. En B. Beemyn y M. Eliason (Eds.), Queer studies: a lesbian, gay, bisexual & transgender anthology (pp. 217-226). New York University Press.
Kaestle, C. E. y Ivory A. H. (2012). A Forgotten Sexuality: Content Analysis of Bisexuality in the Medical Literature over Two Decades. Journal of Bisexuality, 12(1), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2012.645701
Klesse, C. (2018). Dancing on the waves or being washed away? Representations of bisexualities in Liquid Modernity. Sexualities, 21(8), 1360-1367. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1363460718781540
Madison, N. (2017). The Bisexual Seen: Countering Media Misrepresentation. M/C Journal, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1271
Medina-Rivera, A. (2014). Posmodernidad y bisexualidad en la obra de Bayly. Chasqui: Revista de literatura latinoamericana, 43(1), 147-157. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43589609
Meyer, M. D. E. (2010). Representing Bisexuality on Television: The Case for Intersectional Hybrids. Journal of Bisexuality, 10(4), 366-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2010.521040
Nelson, R. (2020). 'What do bisexuals look like? I don't know!' Visibility, gender, and safety among plurisexuals. Journal of Sociology, 56(4), 591-607. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1440783320911455
Nix (2018). ¿Y qué pasa con la bisexualidad en los videojuegos? Todas Gamers. (Recuperado en 05/08/2021 de https://todasgamers.com/2018/05/19/y-que-pasa-con-la-bisexualidad-en-los-videojuegos/)
Olvera Muñoz, O. A. (2017). La vivencia del rechazo social a la bisexualidad y su impacto en el sufrimiento psicológico. Pensamiento Crítico, 4(6), 35-44. https://bit.ly/3gvJw0B
Shaw, A. y Friesem, E. (2016). Where is the Queerness in Games?: Types of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Content in Digital Games. International Journal of Communication, 10(2016), 3877-3889. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5449
Stechschulte, S. (2020). Through Rainbow-Colored Glasses: Overcoming Bisexual Oppression through LGBTQ+ Press. Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, 25, 85-95. https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/historical-perspectives/vol25/iss1/11
Tierney, P. (2020). The Problem With Playersexual Romance. TheGamer. (Recuperado en 14/08/2021 de https://www.thegamer.com/playersexual-romance-bad/)
Utsch, S., Bragança, L. C., Ramos, P., Caldeira, P. y Tenorio J. (2017). Queer Identities in Video Games: Data Visualization for a Quantitative Analysis of Representation [Full Paper]. 2017 SBGames. Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital. Curitibia, Brasil. https://www.sbgames.org/sbgames2017/papers/CulturaFull/175360.pdf
White, J. D. (2001). Bisexuals Who Kill: Hollywood's Bisexual Crimewave, 1985-1998. Journal of Bisexuality, 2(1), 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1300/J159v02n01_04
Yoshino, K. (2000). The epistemic contract of bisexual erasure. Stanford Law Review, 52(2), 353-461. https://bit.ly/3je9QhD
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Published
2022-02-26
How to Cite
Ramírez-Moreno, C. (2022). "Call Me by My Name": Analysis of the Strategies of Bisexual Erasure and Stereotyping in Video Games. Obra Digital, (22), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.25029/od.2022.338.22
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Copyright (c) 2022 Carlos Ramírez-Moreno, Dr.
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