¿Todo lo digital se ha democratizado?

Usos digitales en período no electoral de partidos gubernamentales vs. de oposición en los países europeos y la Comunidad de Países de Habla Portuguesa (CPLP)

Autores/as

  • Célia Belim Instituto Superior de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Universidad de Lisboa (ISCSP-ULisboa), Centro de Administración y Políticas Públicas (CAPP) (Portugal) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9927-8018
  • Luís Machado Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas (Portugal) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0462-2152

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25029/od.2020.261.19

Palabras clave:

Democracia digital, Gobierno, Oposición, Periodo no electoral, Europa, CPLP

Resumen

Este artículo se centra en los usos digitales, en las democracias en Europa y la CPLP, de los partidos políticos que desempeñan funciones de gobierno y oposición en un entorno no electoral. Bajo un enfoque teórico y metodológico mixto, los resultados muestran que los partidos de oposición usan más el paradigma participacionista y los partidos de gobierno el paradigma informativo; que, entre el gobierno y los partidos de oposición, las diferencias más significativas radican en el tipo de contenido, los actores y los temas declarados y que, entre Europa y el CPLP, las principales diferencias radican en los objetivos implícitos de los usos. La democracia revela tendencias en usos digitales.

Biografía del autor/a

Célia Belim, Instituto Superior de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Universidad de Lisboa (ISCSP-ULisboa), Centro de Administración y Políticas Públicas (CAPP) (Portugal)

Profesora Asistente en ISCSP-ULisboa, docente, en Ciencias de la Comunicación (CC), desde 2000. Actualmente, es coordinadora ejecutiva del 1er ciclo del área científica. Es doctora en Ciencias Sociales, especializada en CC. Coordina los proyectos de Agendas y Comunicación y Comunicar Salud, asociados al CAPP. Desde el año 2000 participa en varios congresos y publica sobre sus focos de interés. Recibió cuatro premios académicos.

Luís Machado, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas (Portugal)

Maestrando en Cultura de la Comunicación y Tecnologías de la Comunicación en el Instituto Superior de Ciencias Laborales y de la Empresa - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), y está en marcha su disertación sobre comunicación digital de las marcas de vino portuguesas. Licenciado en Ciencias de la Comunicación por ISCSP-ULisboa (2014-2017).

Citas

Ahmad, T., Alvi, A., & Ittefaq, M. (2019). The use of social media on political participation among university students: An analysis of survey results from rural Pakistan. SAGE Open, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019864484

Baskota, K. H. (2018). Right to information: A tool to strengthen democracy. The Himalayan Times. https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/right-information-tool-strengthen-democracy/

Bimber, B. (2014). Digital media in the Obama campaigns of 2008 and 2012: Adaptation to the personalized political communication environment. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11(2), 130-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2014.895691

Blumenthal, S. (1982). The permanent campaign. Simon and Schuster.

Bond, R. M., Fariss, C. J., Jones, J. J., Kramer, A. D. I., Marlow, C., Settle, J. E., & Fowler, J. H. (2012). A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature, 489, 295-298. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11421

Braga, S. S., Rocha, L. C., & Carlomagno, M. C. (2017). Estratégias de comunicação digital dos partidos brasileiros e portugueses: Um estudo comparado. Análise Social, 223, LII(2.º), 329-359. ISSN 0003-2573.

Canel, M. J., & Sanders, K. (2012). Government communication: An emerging field in political communication research. In H. A. Semetko & M. Scammell (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of political communication (85-96). SAGE.

Castells, M. (2001). A galáxia internet. Calouste Gulbenkian.

Clement, J. (2019a). Facebook: Number of monthly active users worldwide 2008-2019. statistica. Recuperado a 8 de janeiro de 2020 em: https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/

Clement, J. (2019b). Instagram accounts with the most followers worldwide 2019. statistica. Recuperado a 8 de janeiro de 2020 em: https://www.statista.com/statistics/421169/most-followers-instagram/

Clement, J. (2019c). Countries with the most Instagram users 2019. Recuperado a 8 de janeiro de 2020 em: https://www.statista.com/statistics/578364/countries-with-most-instagram-users/

Clement, J. (2019d). Instagram: Distribution of global audiences 2019, by age group. statistica. Recuperado a 8 de janeiro de 2020 em: https://www.statista.com/statistics/325587/instagram-global-age-group/

Da Silva, S. P., Sampaio, R. C., & Bragatto, R. C. (2016). Concepções, debates e desafios da democracia digital. In S. P. da Silva, R. C. Bragatto & R. C. Sampaio, Democracia digital, comunicação política e redes: Teoria e prática (pp. 17-37). Folio Digital: Letra e Imagem.

Eldin, A. K. (2016). Instagram role in influencing youth opinion in 2015 election campaign in Bahrain. European Scientific Journal, 12(2), 245-257. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n2p245

Espírito Santo, P. (2010). Introdução à metodologia das ciências sociais: Génese, fundamento e problemas. Sílabo.

Farranha, A. C. & dos Santos, V. S. (2016). Governo eletrônico, democracia online e direito à informação: Análise do perfil em redes sociais da Secretaria de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial (Seppir/Brasil). In S. P. da Silva, R. C. Bragatto & R. C. Sampaio, Democracia digital, comunicação política e redes: Teoria e prática (pp. 343-364). Folio Digital: Letra e Imagem.

Fernback, J. (2019). Symbolic interactionism in communication. In P. Moy, Communication. Oxford Bibliographies. https://doi.org/10.1093/OBO/9780199756841-0232

Garrett, S. (2016). The digital battleground: The political pulpit to political profile. Celebration of Learning. Recuperado a 8 de janeiro de 2020 em: https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/celebrationoflearning/2016/presentations/15

Gibson, R., & Ward, S. (2012). Political organizations and campaign online. In H. Semetko & M. Scammell (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of political communication (pp. 62-75). SAGE Publications.

Gibson, R., Nixon, P., & Ward, S. (2003). Political parties and the Internet: Net gain? Routledge.

Heiss, R., Schmuck, D., & Matthes, J. (2018). What drives interaction in political actors’ Facebook posts? Profile and content predictors of user engagement and political actors’ reactions. Information. Communication & Society, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2018.1445273

Influencer Marketing Hub. (2019). 50+ social media sites you need to know in 2020. Recuperado a 8 de janeiro de 2020 em: https://influencermarketinghub.com/top-social-media-sites/

Ituassu, A., Lifschitz, S., Capone, L., & Mannheimer, V. (2018). Politics 3.0”? De @realDonaldTrump para as eleições de 2018 no Brasil. Compós, 1-25.

Kalsnes, B. (2016). The social media paradox explained: Comparing political parties’ Facebook strategy versus practice. Social Media + Society, 2(2), 205630511664461. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116644616

Kalsnes, B., Larsson, A. O., & Enli, G. (2017). The social media logico f political interaction: Exploring citizens’ and politicians’ relationship on Facebook and Twitter. First Monday, 22(2). Recuperado a 8 de janeiro de 2019 em: https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/6348/5916

Karpf, D. (2009). Blogosphere research: A mixed-methods approach to rapidly changing systems. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 24(5), 67-70.

Kruikemeier, S., van Noort, G., Vliegenthart, R., & de Vreese, C. H. (2013). Getting closer: The effects of personalized and interactive online political communication. European Journal of Communication, 28(1), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112464837

Lalancette, M., & Raynauld, V. (2017). The power of political image: Justin Trudeau, Instagram, and celebrity politics. American Behavioral Scientist, 000276421774483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217744838

Lévy, P. (2007). Cibercultura. Ed. 34.

Lorenzo, F., & Carreras, M. (2010). Digital communication and politics in Aragon: A two-way communication formula for the interaction between politicians and citizens. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 65, 340-353. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-65-2010-904-340-353-EN

McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. MIT Press.

Ncube, L. (2019). Digital media, fake news and pro-Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) Alliance Cyber-Propaganda during the 2018 Zimbabwe election. African Journalism Studies, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2019.1670225

Persily, N. (2017). Can democracy survive internet? Journal of Democracy, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0025

Plesca, V. (2013). The crisis of communication in democracy. International Journal of Communication Research, 3(4), 366-369.

Putnam, R. (1997). Comunidade e democracia: A experiência da Itália moderna. Fundação Getúlio Vargas.

Rathnayake, C. (2016). Carrying forward the uses and grats 2.0 agenda: Developing an affordable-based measure of social media uses and gratifications, and applying it across political actors and attributes. University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Ribeiro, V. (2015). Os bastidores do poder: Como spin doctors, políticos e jornalistas moldam a opinião pública portuguesa. Almedina.

Riezu, X. (2014). Uses and gratifications of a Spanish digital prayer project: Rezandovoy. Trípodos, monographic issue: Media, religion and digital age (35), 29-42. ISSN: 1138-3305

Rodotá, S. (2000). La democracia y las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación. Losada.

Rodrigues, R. (2014). Comunicação política 2.0: Estratégias on-line na campanha eleitoral das eleições legislativas de 2009 [Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Comunicação]. Covilhã, Universidade da Beira Interior.

Sader, E. (2015). 10 anos de governos pós-neoliberais no Brasil: Lula e Dilma. Boitempo Editorial.

Santana, C. (2012). A comunicação digital partidária em períodos não eleitorais [dissertação de mestrado]. Porto, Faculdade de Letras, Universidade do Porto.

Schill, D. (2012). The visual image and the political image: A review of visual communication research in the field of political communication. Review of Communication, 12, 118-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2011.653504

Sebastião, S. P. (2015). Digitania© or the disillusion with a digital citizenship. Comunicação Pública, 10(18), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4000/cp.988

Steyn, B. (2003). From strategy to corporate communication strategy: A conceptualization. Journal of Communication Management 8(2), 168-183. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540410807637

Stieglitz, S., & Dang-Xuan, L. (2013). Social media and political communication: A social media analytics framework. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 3(4), 1277-1291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-012-0079-3

Stieglitz, S., Brockmann, T., & Dang-Xuan, L. (2012). Usage of social media for political communication. Pacific Asia conference on information systems. Taiwan, China.

Thejll-Moller, S. (2013). Social media in traditional political party campaigns: Is there a winning formula? European View, 12(1), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-013-0242-x

Vasko, V., & Trilling, D. (2019). A permanent campaign? Tweeting differences among members of Congress between campaign and routine periods. Journal of Information Technology & Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2019.1657046

Zuiderveen Borgesius, F., Möller, J., Kruikemeier, S., Ó Fathaigh, R., Irion, K., Dobber, T., Bodó, B., & de Vreese, C. H. (2018). Online political microtargeting: Promises and threats for democracy. Utrecht Law Review, 14(1), 82-96. https://doi.org/10.18352/ulr.420

Publicado

2020-09-30

Cómo citar

Belim, C., & Machado, L. (2020). ¿Todo lo digital se ha democratizado? Usos digitales en período no electoral de partidos gubernamentales vs. de oposición en los países europeos y la Comunidad de Países de Habla Portuguesa (CPLP). Obra Digital, (19), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.25029/od.2020.261.19