9393

Nahuel Ivan Faedo

El papel de las mujeres en la producción de piezas

periodísticas: análisis de Mundo Deportivo y Marca

durante Qatar 2022

The role of women in the production

of journalistic pieces: analysis of

Mundo Deportivo and Marca during

Qatar 2022

ARTICLE

Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya

Graduate in Social Communication. Predoctoral researcher at the Faculty of Business and

Communication of the University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia. He is a member

of the research group TRACTE (Audiovisual Translation, Communication and Territory). His

research focuses on sports journalism and mainly on the analysis of the roles played by

women journalists in this discipline.

nahuelivan.faedo@uvic.cat

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5158-7882

RECEIVED: 2023-06-05 / ACCEPTED: 2023-09-27

Nahuel Ivan Faedo

OBRA DIGITAL, Núm. 13, Septiembre 2017 - Enero 2018, pp.97-118, e-ISSN 2014-5039

OBRA DIGITAL, 24, December 2023, pp. 93-104, e-ISSN 2014-5039

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25029/od.2023.388.24

Abstract

Historically, both in Spain and internationally,

the role of female journalists in the media has

been characterized by being scarce and ste-

reotyped. This poor representation has been

called on numerous occasions as a “symbolic

annihilation” (Gerbner and Gross, 1976; Tuch-

man, 2000). The invisibility of women has been

carried out mainly in the eld of sports journal-

ism, which has been congured as a dicult

space for women to access and develop pro-

fessionally (Ramon et al., 2020; Sainz de Baran-

da, 2013).

The article aims to analyse the role played by

women sports journalists in the production

of journalistic pieces published in the Spanish

sports press during the FIFA World Cup Qatar

2022. The research was based on a quantita-

tive content analysis that studied the infor-

mation published between November 20 and

December 18, 2022, the period in which the

sporting event was held. The results indicate,

among other things, a poor presence of female

journalists in the production of articles, a low

number of women designated to work with in-

formation about Qatar 2022 and a limited pres-

ence of female journalists both in the creation

of opinion articles and also in the authorship of

9494

The role of women in the production of journalistic pieces: analysis of Mundo

Deportivo and Marca during Qatar 2022

the information that appears on the front pag-

es of the newspapers.

Keywords: Sports journalism, women jour-

nalists, Marca, Mundo Deportivo, FIFA, Qatar.

Resumen

Históricamente, tanto en el ámbito español

como en el internacional, el rol de las periodis-

tas en los medios de comunicación se ha ca-

racterizado por ser ínmo y estereotipado. Esta

escasa representación se ha denominado, en

numerosas oportunidades, como una “aniqui-

lación simbólica” (Gerbner y Gross, 1976; Tuch-

man, 2000). La invisibilización de las mujeres se

ha llevado a cabo principalmente en el campo

del periodismo deportivo, el cual se ha congu-

rado como un espacio difícil para que las muje-

res accedan y se desarrollen profesionalmente

(Ramon et al., 2020; Sainz de Baranda, 2013).

El siguiente artículo tiene como objetivo ana-

lizar el papel que cumplieron las periodistas

deportivas en la producción de piezas periodís-

ticas publicadas en la prensa deportiva espa-

ñola durante la Copa Mundial de la FIFA Qatar

2022. La investigación se basó en un análisis de

contenido cuantitativo que estudió las informa-

ciones publicadas entre el 20 de noviembre y

el 18 de diciembre de 2022, período en el que

se disputó dicho evento. Los resultados indi-

can, entre otras cosas, una pobre presencia de

las periodistas en la producción de artículos,

una escasa cantidad de mujeres designadas a

trabajar con informaciones sobre Qatar 2022

y una presencia limitada de mujeres periodis-

tas, tanto en la creación de artículos de opinión

como también en la autoría de las informacio-

nes que aparecen en las portadas de los pe-

riódicos.

Palabras claves: Periodismo deportivo, mu-

jeres periodistas, Marca, Mundo Deportivo,

FIFA, Qatar.

1. INTRODUCTION

Sports journalism has historically been charac-

terized as a section with several ethical dysfunc-

tions: low diversity of the sports agenda, gender

inequalities, and informative sexism (Franks &

O’Neill, 2016; Ramon et al., 2020). In the specif-

ic case of women, although it is true that, over

time, there has been progress regarding their

work, it continues to be a male-dominated site

(Bernstein & Kian, 2013; Faedo et al., 2022).

In Spain, despite the arrival of new technolo-

gies and communication platforms, the sports

press has a fundamental role within the jour-

nalistic industry. It continues to have a large

number of followers today (Faedo et al., 2022).

Within this sports press, and sports journalism

in general, the sport that completely dominates

the panorama is soccer, which causes other ac-

tivities to end up being displaced from the me-

dia agenda (Rojas-Torrijos, 2012).

The latest major soccer-related sporting event

has been the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. Pre-

cisely, this tournament has been characterized

by a large number of controversies in terms

of human rights. It has come to be called The

World Cup of Shame (Amnesty International,

2016). It has been criticized on numerous oc-

casions for, among other things, homopho-

bic attitudes and the absence of fundamental

rights of migrant workers and women (Arrung,

2022). Therefore, what was the role of women

journalists in the Spanish sports press at the

time of the event? The general objective of this

research is to analyze the role played by female

sports journalists in the production of journalis-

tic pieces published in the Spanish sports press

during the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022.

9595

Nahuel Ivan Faedo

2. THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK

2.1 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF

FEMALE JOURNALISTS IN

THE SPORTS MEDIA?

Since its origins, journalistic information has

been congured as a men-dominated site

(Beasley, 2020). The case of sports journalism

is no exception: gender inequalities and in-

formative sexism are characteristics that have

always been present (Franks & O’Neill, 2016).

Hardin and Shain (2006) point out that women

are outsiders about their gender but insiders

regarding compliance with journalistic norms

and values. This poor representation of women

journalists has been referred to, on numerous

occasions, as “symbolic annihilation”, which ex-

plains that, by ignoring and/or portraying wom-

en in stereotypical roles, the media do nothing

more than symbolically annihilate them (Gerb-

ner & Gross, 1976; Tuchman, 2000).

Since sports is a male-dominated space, this

has a direct impact on the eld of journalism:

men “own” sports journalism because they

“own” sports (Everbach, 2018; Hardin & Shain,

2006). Therefore, the presence of women in

this journalistic specialization is scarce, as ex-

plained by dierent research. Generally speak-

ing, as Schoch (2022) observes, studies expose

invisibilization, gender discrimination, the dif-

culties they face regarding the reconciliation

between work and family, the unbreakable

glass ceiling, and the need for female reporters

to constantly struggle to obtain recognition and

keep their jobs (Hardin & Shain, 2006; Organis-

ta et al., 2019).

Franks and O’Neill (2016) studied six national

newspapers in the United Kingdom (UK) and

found that only 2.3% of the stories were creat-

ed by women. In Schoch’s (2020) analysis, only

9% of the articles analyzed were written exclu-

sively by women. The Women’s Media Center

(2021), which studies gender representation

in print, digital, and wire news, reported that in

2021, women produced 15% of sports news in

newspapers, 24% in online media, and 8% of

news in wire services.

Regarding the performance of roles at the top

of management, women have few possibilities

of obtaining a position due to a “glass ceiling.”

As explained by Sarrió et al. (2002), this ceiling

functions as a barrier supported by gender ste-

reotypes that assume that the traits of an ideal

manager are those prototypical of masculinity

and that, therefore, do not allow women to ac-

cess positions in media management.

On the other hand, it often happens that wom-

en work with “soft” news while men work with

“hard” news. As explained by Schoch (2020),

Tuchman (1972), and Van Zoonen (1998), the

former are those with little news prestige, and

the latter are those with a high level of journal-

istic and public interest. Consequently, wom-

en report more frequently on, for example,

women’s sports, which are considered not very

prestigious and of less appeal to the audience

(Boczek et al., 2022; Organista et al., 2019).

2.2 THE CASE OF SPANISH

SPORTS JOURNALISM

In Spain, talking about women in journalism

necessarily implies talking about unequal op-

portunities (Ufarte, 2012). Numerous studies

show women’s scarce and stereotyped pres-

ence in the Spanish sports media.

Through a study on hate speech on Spanish

women sports journalists on Twitter, Blanco et

al. (2019) collected dire gures: 89.6% of the

journalists participating in the study have expe-

rienced violence in the course of their work, and

half of them have suered it continuously. Hate

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The role of women in the production of journalistic pieces: analysis of Mundo

Deportivo and Marca during Qatar 2022

speech not only aects them emotionally but

also damages their personal and professional

reputation. In addition, they harm them in their

work and safety, as they ultimately restrict their

freedom of expression (Blanco et al., 2019).

According to Ramon et al. (2020), who, through

interviews, inquired about the opinion of var-

ious experts in sports journalism on gender

discrimination, women incorporated into the

sports journalism profession are a minority.

These authors point out that the journalists in-

terviewed are aware that they are perceived as

anecdotal elements, that their physical appear-

ance is an essential factor in the eyes of men,

and that “their interest in sports journalism is

interpreted more from stereotypes (maybe

‘because they like some sportsperson’) rather

than really as a professional option” (p. 1190).

In addition, it is necessary to de-masculinize

the newsrooms, which involves breaking the

glass ceiling and getting more women into de-

cision-making positions (Ramon et al., 2020).

Sainz de Baranda (2013), in a longitudinal in-

vestigation of the sports press, points out that

women represent only 9.1% of the total num-

ber of female news bylines. On the other hand,

despite an increase of women as reporters

(mainly as editors) over the years, we cannot

observe an increase in positions of responsibil-

ity such as the direction or sub-direction of a

newspaper. In the same way, Ortega and San

Miguel (2016) and Salido Fernández (2021) pro-

nounce themselves. Men prevail in all Spanish

sports television journalism roles: anchor, re-

porter, and voice-over (Ortega & San Miguel,

2016). In addition, women who enter a profes-

sion as masculine as sports journalism do so

with rigorous limitations and requirements (Sa-

lido Fernández, 2021).

Concerning decision-making positions, Caro et

al. (2004), some years ago, and Román-San-

Miguel et al. (2021), more recently, showed that

the number of women in management posi-

tions in the Spanish sports media is scarce. Few

women are in positions of responsibility and,

when they do exist, they do not even occupy

50% of the management team (Román-San-

Miguel et al., 2021). The authors explain that

there is not a single woman in a management

position who holds the position of director, and

the highest level to which a woman reaches

is deputy director. Consequently, since they

do not have roles at the top and, in general

terms, their presence is not numerous in the

newsrooms, rather than feminization within the

press, there is a “pseudo-feminization”; that is,

an appearance of change rather than a funda-

mental transformation (Soriano et al., 2005).

On the other hand, Faedo et al. (2022), in an

investigation on the work of women in Marca

and Mundo Deportivo, explain that the informa-

tive production of women in the Spanish sports

press shows resistance in the newsrooms that

reproduce a journalistic culture that does not

allow their incorporation in the production of

content. In addition, they report that there has

been a regression in the number of women

who sign reports. It is more feasible for a wom-

an to write an article in 2010 than in 2018. In

addition, they tend to work with informative ar-

ticles but not with opinion articles.

Along the same lines, an analysis by Alonso-Al-

lende et al. (2019) shows that, out of 3,304

opinion pieces studied during a month in 25

9797

Nahuel Ivan Faedo

newspapers, only 21% were written by women.

Although male authorship dominates in all cat-

egories, this dierence is more pronounced in

sports content: while women participate in 10%

of these, men do so in the remaining 90%.

Furthermore, it is wise to point out that Span-

ish sports newspapers remain highly popular

despite the press losing ground to new tech-

nologies (Faedo et al., 2022). To briey exem-

plify this situation, we can point out that Marca

and Mundo Deportivo were newspapers with a

large number of readers during the rst quar-

ter of 2023. While Marca was the most-read

newspaper in Spain in the rst quarter of 2023

(976,000 readers per day), Mundo Deportivo

ranked in the top 10 of those with the highest

readership in the whole country (232,000 read-

ers per day) (Asociación para la Investigación de

Medios de Comunicación, 2023).

After reviewing some of the most relevant stud-

ies on the employment situation of women in

both international and Spanish sports journal-

ism, this research takes a theoretical stance

based on three main ideas that complement

each other: the theory of the “pseudo-feminiza-

tion” (Soriano et al. 2005) of sports journalism,

the idea that women are outsiders (Hardin &

Shain, 2006; Ramon et al., 2020) due to their

gender, and the “symbolic annihilation” (Gerb-

ner & Gross, 1976; Tuchman, 2000) that they

suer in the media.

3. METHODOLOGY

The research technique applied for this study is

quantitative content analysis, which describes,

in an objective, systematic, and quantitative

way, the manifest content of the communica-

tion (Berelson, 1952). We analyzed the journal-

istic pieces published (only where authorship

was identied) between 20 November and 18

December 2022 in the print versions of the

oldest sports newspapers published in Spain:

Mundo Deportivo and Marca (founded in 1906

and 1938, respectively). The period above was

studied because that is when the 2022 FIFA

World Cup Qatar 2022 occurred.

The journalistic pieces in which authorship

could be identied accounted for 67.4% of the

published (see Table 1). Those signed by wom-

en were studied, except on specic occasions

when the production of men was also analyzed,

to make some comparisons. The following vari-

ables were analyzed for each of the journalistic

pieces: a) Date, b) Author’s name, c) Author’s

sex, d) Journalistic genre (informative/interpre-

tative/opinion)

, e) Sports discipline, f) Sex of

the sports competition, and g) Cover page

. All

of them were coded and worked with Microsoft

Excel tables and lters.

In addition, it was identied that 1) the hierar-

chical positions and 2) the journalistic team in

charge of working with information on Qatar

2022 from each of the newspapers. These data

were obtained directly from the pages of the

newspapers.

1 Informative (news and briefs), interpretative (chronicles,

reports, interviews), opinion (analysis, columns, reviews,

editorials, and comic strips).

2 The variable “front page” refers to whether or not the

piece of journalism analyzed appears on the newspaper’s

front page.

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The role of women in the production of journalistic pieces: analysis of Mundo

Deportivo and Marca during Qatar 2022

Mundo

Deportivo

+ Marca

Mundo

Deportivo

Marca

Total

number

of articles

5.057 2.523 2.534

With an

element

of author-

ship

67,4%

(3.409)

52,6%

(1.324)

82,2%

(2.085)

No ele-

ment of

author-

ship

32,6%

(1.652)

47,8%

(1.199)

17,9%

(453)

Table 1

Study sample

Table 2

Authorship of articles

Source: own elaboration.

Mundo

Deportivo

+ Marca

Mundo

Depor-

tivo

Marca

Men 81,8%

(2.786)

73%

(966)

87,3%

(1.820)

Women 13%

(445)

23,6%

(312)

6,4%

(133)

Not de-

tectable

5,5%

(178)

13,5%

(46)

6,3%

(132)

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 JOURNALISTS

CONSPICUOUS BY

THEIR ABSENCE

The rst results indicate a notable absence of

women in the authorship of articles. Whether

individually in each newspaper or in general,

men clearly dominate (see Table 2). While in

Mundo Deportivo, women participated in 23.6%

of the creation of articles, in Marca, they par-

ticipated in an even lower percentage, 6.4%.

Therefore, as Faedo et al. (2022) and Franks and

O’Neill (2016) explain, female journalists have

low participation in producing information. The

percentages obtained show that women con-

tinue to be the outsiders that Hardin and Shain

(2006) mentioned: their presence in news and

sports journalism is limited.

From another perspective, another critical ele-

ment to highlight is the roles played by female

journalists during the 2022 FIFA World Cup Qa-

tar. During the competition, both newspapers

had a team in charge of reporting on the World

Cup on all the days studied. In both cases, the

situation is worrying. In the case of Mundo De-

portivo, the newspaper presented its team

under the title “El once del Mundial”, and out

of eleven people, only one woman appeared:

Cristina Cubero, deputy editor. The situation

of Marca is similar: they reported a team of ten

people under the name “Despliegue Marca Qa-

tar”, and Marta Pérez was the only woman.

On the other hand, when trying to identify the

journalistic genres in which women worked, the

research comes up against the ndings of Alon-

so-Allende et al. (2019) and Faedo et al. (2022):

women journalists have limited participation in

opinion articles (see Table 3). Their presence is

distributed between informative and interpre-

tative pieces, but their presence is not signi-

cant in producing opinion pieces. The case of

Marca is the most critical: the participation of

women in this type of article only represents

6%.

9999

Nahuel Ivan Faedo

Table 3

Journalistic genres of the articles written by women.

Table 4

Sporting disciplines of articles written by women.

Source: own elaboration.

Journalis-

tic Genres

Mundo

Deportivo

+ Marca

Mundo

Depor-

tivo

Mar-

Informative 40,7%

(181)

36,9%

(115)

49,7%

(66)

Interpreta-

tive

41,3%

(184)

42%

(131)

39,8%

(53)

Opinion 18%

(80)

21,1%

(66)

10,5%

(14)

Sport Mundo

Depor-

tivo +

Marca

Sport Mundo

Depor-

tivo

Sport Marca

Foot-

ball

72,1%

(321)

Foot-

ball

72,8%

(227)

Foot-

ball

70,7%

(94)

Ath-

letics

6,7%

(30)

Ath-

letics

4,9%

(15)

Ath-

letics

11,3%

(15)

Swim-

ming

2,9%

(13)

Swim-

ming

3,8%

(12)

Bas-

ket-

ball

(4)

Other

sports

18,2%

(81)

Other

sports

18,6%

(58)

Other

sports

15%

(20)

4.2 SPORTING

COMPETITIONS: IN WHICH

ONES DO THEY HAVE

THE MOST IMPACT?

On the other hand, when examining the sports

competitions in which the female journalists

mostly worked, it can be seen that football

dominated by far in both newspapers: 72.8%

(227) in Mundo Deportivo and 70.7% in Marca

(94) (see Table 4), which makes total sense;

during the period analyzed, a football event

took place. This dominance of football may also

be due to the “footballisation” (Rojas-Torrijos,

2012) that sports journalism suers from: foot-

ball reigns over all sports and leaves the rest in

the background. As football is the basis of the

journalistic business, sports journalism has al-

most become football journalism (Rojas-Torrji-

os, 2012).

Beyond the sporting disciplines, the sex of the

sporting competitions the women worked with

was identied. The majority did so with compe-

titions practiced by men. Therefore, in this case,

what is described by authors such as Boczek

et al. (2023) and Organista et al. (2019), who

explain that women tend to work with sports

played by women, is not fullled.

In addition, the data in Table 5 shows a large

majority of information about men, both in

Mundo Deportivo and Marca (see Table 5). Al-

though a men’s World Cup was indeed held

during the period analyzed, the supremacy

of information about men was overwhelming.

Therefore, as Ortega and San Miguel (2016)

explain, the media make women athletes invis-

ible, which contributes to a systematic absence

of women’s sports, in contrast to an over-sup-

ply of men’s sports.

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The role of women in the production of journalistic pieces: analysis of Mundo

Deportivo and Marca during Qatar 2022

Mundo

Deportivo

+ Marca

Mundo

Deportivo

Marca

Men

82%

(365)

83,3%

(260)

79%

(105)

Women

9,5%

(42)

8,7%

(27)

11,2%

(15)

Mixt

8,5%

(38)

(25)

9,8%

(13)

Table 5

Sex of sports competitions in articles written by women

Table 6

Authorship of all articles appearing on the covers

Source: own elaboration.

Mundo

Deportivo

+ Marca

Mundo

Deportivo

Marca

Total 309 127 182

Men 91,3%

(282)

85,9%

(109)

95,1%

(173)

Women 8,1%

(25)

14,2%

(18)

3,9%

(7)

No ele-

ment of

author-

ship

0,9%

(3)

0,8%

(1)

1,1%

(2)

4.3 MANAGEMENT AND

COVER: INVISIBILISATION

AT ITS BEST

On the other hand, the positions within the hi-

erarchical structure of the newspapers were

identied according to what they reported dur-

ing the period studied. In the case of Mundo

Deportivo, out of fteen people mentioned as

responsible for dierent areas of the newspa-

per, only one is a woman, and it is precisely the

same one who is part of the team in charge of

covering Qatar 2022: Cristina Cubero (deputy

editor). The situation at Marca is just as serious:

out of 17 people identied as responsible for

dierent areas, only one was a woman: Yolan-

da Santander (editor-in-chief). Therefore, as

mentioned by Caro et al. (2004) and Román-

San-Miguel et al. (2021), women do not seem

to have presence within the hierarchical struc-

tures of the media.

Finally, all the information on the front pages

during the studied period was analyzed. The

front page is the place where the most impor-

tant articles of the newspaper are reected, as

it seeks to provoke the attention of the eventu-

al reader (Alonso-Allende et al., 2019). Conse-

quently, it is positioned as a central element for

newspapers. The study of this variable aimed

to identify how many front-page stories were

produced by women.

The results showed that the participation of

women is negligible and that men monopolize

most of them. In the case of Mundo Deportivo,

women only participate in 14.2%. In Marca, this

percentage is even lower; they only take part in

creating 3.9% of the information on the front

pages. If we look at the total of all the data

published on the front pages of the two news-

papers, we can see that women participate in

8.1%, while men participate in 91.3% of the cas-

es (see Table 5).

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Nahuel Ivan Faedo

5. CONCLUSIONS

The analysis shows a poor presence of women

journalists in producing journalistic pieces in

the Spanish sports press. Although women in

both newspapers are relegated in all the vari-

ables analyzed, it should be noted that the sit-

uation is worse in Marca than in Mundo Depor-

tivo. In the Madrid newspaper, women are less

present in the authorship of the information,

producing opinion articles, and creating the ar-

ticles published on the front pages. Therefore,

this research corroborates what Soriano et al.

(2005) explained almost 20 years ago: there is

a “pseudo-feminization” in the Spanish sports

press that implies that women’s participation in

journalism is more an appearance than a real-

ity. As Hardin and Shain (2006) and Ramon et

al.) mentioned, women continue to be outsid-

ers.

With such a low level of representation and such

evident marginalization, it is necessary to think

that barriers may hinder their participation and

representation in Spanish sports newspapers.

This limited participation is directly linked to

the “symbolic annihilation” proposed by Gerb-

ner and Gross (1976) and Tuchman (2000). The

news agenda needs diverse voices to ensure

women’s and men’s equal representation in

newspapers.

On the other hand, beyond the number of

women involved in producing information, the

low number of women in the teams assigned

to cover the 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar is also

worrying. This poor representation in such

a sporting event only demonstrates the lack

of condence in women’s journalistic work. It

helps to perpetuate a gap between men and

women that seems to have no end in sight.

Along the same lines, the fact that only one

woman is reected in each newspaper man-

agement team conrms what Román-San-

Miguel et al. (2021) explained: the positions of

responsibility and management in the media

are monopolized by men. A glass ceiling still

imposes diculties and obstacles that do not

allow women to progress regarding newsroom

leadership. Women journalists need more op-

portunities to climb the ladder in sports media.

Additionally, women have almost zero partici-

pation on the front pages, which is signicantly

alarming. As Alonso-Allende et al. (2019) explain,

the front page is the showcase that brings the

reader the most important articles of the news-

paper. Therefore, is the information produced

by women journalists not relevant enough

to be on the front page of newspapers? Both

men’s and women’s voices need to be equally

represented on such a central element of the

newspaper.

In short, it is essential that, from its place, the

sports press collaborates to combat inequal-

ities between men and women. As Salido

Fernández (2021) explains, “It is essential that

the sports media industries implement actions

aimed at eradicating this inequality because

only by encouraging greater participation of

women in all stages of the news production

chain” (p. 43). They must help to build a more

caring and egalitarian society, which they can

do by: a) promoting the participation of women

in this journalistic format to close the gender

gap; b) appointing them more equitably in the

production of information; c) giving them more

access to leadership positions.

Although the results do not allow to conrm

the absence of women in Spanish sports jour-

nalism in general, they do show some really

worrying data regarding the sports press in

particular. The situation of women in journal-

ism is a phenomenon worthy of study from dif-

ferent perspectives. This work can serve as a

102102

The role of women in the production of journalistic pieces: analysis of Mundo

Deportivo and Marca during Qatar 2022

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starting point for future analyses. For example,

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